List some passive optical devices

Passive optical devices are components that manipulate light in fiber optic systems without requiring external power, including splitters, couplers, filters, attenuators, isolators, circulators, connectors, and collimators.Common Passive Optical Devices1. Optical Splitters and Couplers These devices divide or combine light signals. Splitters distribute a single input signal into multiple outputs, often used in broadband networks, while couplers combine signals from multiple fibers into one path . 2. Optical Filters and Wavelength Management Devices Filters selectively transmit or block specific wavelengths, essential for Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) systems. They allow multiple data streams to travel simultaneously over a single fiber . 3. Optical Attenuators Attenuators reduce the intensity of light signals to prevent overloading photodetectors. They are used to balance signal strength across networks without altering the signal characteristics . 4. Optical Isolators Isolators allow light to travel in only one direction, protecting lasers and sensitive equipment from back reflections that could destabilize the source . 5. Optical Circulators Circulators route light sequentially between ports, enabling separation of forward and reverse signals in a network . 6. Optical Connectors and Splices Connectors provide non-permanent fiber connections, while splices create permanent joins. Both ensure low insertion loss and reliable signal transmission . 7. Fiber Collimators Collimators align and direct light from a fiber into free space or other optical components, producing parallel light beams for precise transmission and coupling . These passive devices are integral to telecommunications, data centers, and optical sensing systems, providing reliable signal routing, splitting, combining, and conditioning without the need for electrical power .